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Corns are small circles of thick skin that usually develop on the tops and sides of toes or on the sole of the foot. However, they can occur anywhere.Corns are often caused by wearing shoes that fit poorly or certain designs that place excessive pressure on an area of the foot.Corns often occur on bony feet as there’s a lack of natural cushioning. They can also develop as a symptom of another foot problem, such as:

• a bunion – where the joint of the big toe sticks outwards as the big toe begins to point towards the other toes on the same foot
• hammer toe – where the toe is bent at the middle joint

A Callus is an area of thickened skin caused by pressure or friction. Calluses develop when the skin rubs against something, such as a bone, a shoe or the ground. They often form over the ball of the foot because this area takes most of the weight. This is particularly the case when high heels are worn regularly.Calluses can be treated by regularly filing with a foot file or pumice stone and moisturising with a cream containing urea, which breaks down hard skin. In some cases a visit from a Foot Health Practitioner may be needed if the callus becomes too thick and painful.

Verrucas are commonly called warts. The correct term for those occurring  on the feet or toes is Verruca Pedis. There are several types of viruses which cause verrucas. These infections occur generally at swimming pools, on the beach, communal showers, at leisure centres and, of course, schools. Anywhere in fact where people share the same floor surface and walk about with bare feet. It only needs a little scratch in the skin for the virus to enter. Treatment for Verruca can vary considerably . There is no magical solution. After consultation  the right treatment can be given by your Foot Health Practitioner. 

The incidence of fungal nails increases with age and it is the most common disease of the nails.  It promotes thickening of the nail which become discoloured, brittle and sometimes painful. It also destroys the nail plate structures.For superficial infections, there are products available which can be painted onto the nails. For more established conditions, fenestration is indicated, which involves small holes painlessly drilled into the nail plate and a fungicide applied daily. The holes must be reinstated every 8 weeks.

When the nail curls and pierces the skin, the surrounding tissue becomes red, swollen and tender. The toe can become painful when pressure is placed on it. The big toes are mostly affected by this but it can happen to any other toenails as well. 

Depending on the severity of ingrown nail, your practitioner may need to refer you to a Podiatrist, but for the most basic painful ingrown nail your practitioner will remove the offending spike and put a dressing. You may need another visit few days after to have your dressing changed.